Computer Fundamentals Generation & Type of Computers
Computer Fundamental-Generation & Type of Computers
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| Computer Fundamental-Generation & Type of Computers |
Introduction
Welcome to our blog! We're diving into the world of computers. We'll start by learning about the different types of computers, from the big ones that filled entire rooms to the small ones we carry in our pockets. Then, we'll explore the generations of computers, from the earliest ones that used vacuum tubes to the modern ones with super-fast processors. Whether you're a tech expert or just curious, this journey will help you understand the basics of how computers work and why they're so important in our lives. Let's get started!
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What is Computer?
The term "computer" originates from the Latin word 'computare', signifying the actions of calculating, counting, thinking, or summing up. A computer is an electronic apparatus capable of receiving input data, processing it, generating output information, and storing the obtained information for future utilization A computer is an electronic device that accepts data (the data can be in any form), process it, manipulates it and gives the result. This machine depends on the instruction which are given and return the result based on the instruction and the data provided. Computer applications have made their presence felt in every realm of development, leaving no area untouched. The work area of computers is exhaustive, covering a wide range of domains. It works on a simple principle as follows:
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| computer Processing |
Logical Diagram of Computer/Working
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| Logical Diagram of Computer/Working |
Logical units of a computer
- Input unit
- Output unit
- Memory unit
- Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
- Central processing unit (CPU)
Input Unit
The Input Unit is comprised of devices that facilitate the entry of data into the computer system. It serves as the intermediary between the user and the computer, translating information into a format that the computer can comprehend. Input unit can be any device that can accept the data and instruction from the user, most common input units are keyboard & mouse if you want to more about input devices please follow the link given below
Input devices--> Click to know more
Output Unit
Output Unit, on the other hand, is composed of devices that enable users to receive information from the computer. It acts as the bridge between the computer and users, converting the computer's output into a format that users can easily understand. Upon the computer finishing the data processing, the end result must be extracted from the device in an intelligible and readable form. This outcome, known as output, is made possible by output devices. The most common standard output devices include the monitor, TV, LCD projector, and printer. if you want to more about output devices please follow the link given below
output devices--> Click to know more
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CPU (Central Processing Unit)
CPU is widely regarded as the central processing unit of a computer. The Control Unit, as its name suggests, plays a crucial role in governing and executing tasks within the CPU. It carries out a wide range of data processing tasks, including storing data, intermediate results, and program instructions. By following the provided instructions, the CPU ensures that the operations outlined in the program are carried out in the prescribed sequence. These operations can encompass receiving and storing data at specified locations, transferring data from one memory address to another, moving data from memory to the Arithmetic Unit, and controlling the flow of data from the Arithmetic Unit to the output. Additionally, it oversees the functioning of all computer components.
CPU itself has following three components
- ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit):- Perform
Arithmetic & Logic Operation
- Memory Unit:-Stores the input & Processed Data
- Control Unit:-Control the whole operation & Units
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit):-
ALU stands for Arithmetic & Logic operation, as the name depicts it perform all arithmetic and logic operations, Within the CPU, the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) handles all calculations and comparisons. Primary storage does not participate in processing tasks. Intermediate results are temporarily stored in a designated working storage area until they are required later on. Data may be transferred between primary storage, the ALU, and other storage areas multiple times before processing is completed. After processing, the final results are transferred to an output storage section and then to an output device. The CPU's design dictates the type and quantity of Arithmetic Logic operations that the computer can perform.
Control Unit:-
The Control Unit, as its name suggests, plays a crucial role in governing and executing tasks within the CPU. By following the instructions provided, the CPU ensures that the operations outlined in the program are carried out in the prescribed order. These operations may involve receiving and storing data at specified locations, transferring data from one memory address to another, moving data from memory to the Arithmetic Unit, and controlling the flow of data from the Arithmetic Unit to the output.
Memory:-
The computer retains the data that is provided to it in its memory. Whenever there is a need to process or perform operations on the data, it is transferred to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) which handles tasks like addition, subtraction, and more. Once the processing is done, the data is brought back and stored in the memory again.
Memory devices--> Click to know more
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Capabilities and limitations of Computer
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| Capabilities of computers |
Computers possess several key characteristics that contribute to their power and widespread utility. These include speed, accuracy, diligence, versatility, and storage capacity. Let's take a closer look at each of these qualities.
Speed- Computers run at a remarkable speed. A strong computer can handle about 3-4 million basic instructions per second
Accuracy- Apart from their speed, computers also boast accuracy. Any potential errors can predominantly be ascribed to human fallibility, encompassing imprecise data, inadequately devised systems, or flawed instructions/programs formulated by the programmer.
Diligence- Computers exhibit a remarkable level of consistency, unlike human beings. Devoid of human traits such as boredom and tiredness, computers maintain a constant level of concentration. Consequently, computers surpass human beings in efficiently executing extensive and repetitive tasks.
Versatility-Computers are highly versatile machines, capable of undertaking any task that can be broken down into a logical sequence of steps. The presence of computers is pervasive across a wide range of sectors, such as railway, Airway, Banking and many other domains.
Storage Capacity-Computers of today have the capability to store vast amounts of data. Once information is saved in a computer, it remains accessible and can be retrieved quickly.
Limitations of Computer
Common sense:-Computer do not have common sense they work as instructed But in near future this limitation vanish
No IQ:-The computer hasn’t I.Q. It has to be told what to do and in what sequence. Only user can determine what tasks a computer will perform.
No Feelings:-The computer has no feelings and no instincts because it is a machine. Computer cannot make judgments of their own. Its judgment is based on the instructions given to them in the form of programs that are written by us.
No Thinking Capability:-they can work on instructions they cannot think but in near future they can think and Branch of Computer science is known as AI
No Decision making capability:-They can't take any decision on their own, But in near future they can make decision and can also give good suggestion
No Learning power:- This is history but is future they can learn from old experience like we humans do this branch of computer science is known as machine learning.
User dependent:-Computer can’t perform any task on its own. It can’t take independent decision. It requires human instruction to take a decision or what to do.
Can't remove Error:-The computer can’t remove errors itself. If an unanticipated situation arises, computers will produce wrong results or abandon the task. They do not have potential to work out alternate solutions.
Cannot express ideas:-They cannot new ideas
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| Limitations of Computer |
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Computers can be classified mainly in 3 types.
1. Based
on Purposes
2. Based on Signals
3. Based on Capacity
2. Based on Signals
3. Based on Capacity
Computers Classification
1.Classification based on purposes
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| Classification of Computers |
There are 2 types of computers based on purposes
Special purpose computers:-
These computers are Designed for Special purpose, to do the same task again & again some examples of special purpose computers are managing traffic signals, overseeing toll collection on highways, guiding aircraft navigation systems, predicting weather patterns, launching and tracking satellites, operating vehicles, controlling weapons, playing games, and more.
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| Special purpose computers |
General purpose Computer
As their name says it is general purpose computers and they are used for general purpose like generating bill, input the data, General-Purpose computers, which are widely utilized today, are capable of performing calculations and controlling various functions. These computers are designed to handle a wide range of processing tasks. By utilizing different software, a general-purpose computer can accomplish numerous tasks such as word processing, data manipulation in databases, inventory tracking in manufacturing, establishment of scientific organization's security systems, monitoring electricity consumption, regulating building temperature, and many more.
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| General purpose computers |
2. Classification based on signals
There are three types of computers based on signals. They are:
1. Analog Computers
An analog computer is a type of computer that utilizes the constantly changing characteristics of physical phenomena, such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities, to represent them in a digital form. It carries out arithmetic operations by using a variable physical quantity, such as mechanical movement or voltage, to represent numbers. In contrast, digital computers represent changing quantities symbolically as their numerical values shift. Examples are Speedometer, digital thermometer ,BP Machine etc
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| Analog Computers |
2. Digital Computers
The computer we have in our home serves as an example of a digital computer. Digital computers store and process data in a digital format, typically using 0s and 1s. They are also capable of processing analog data. Digital computers are generally faster and more reliable than analog computers. They consist of an Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU), control unit, memory unit, and I/O units. Examples are calculator, desktop computers
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| Digital computers |
3. Hybrid Computers
Hybrid computers combine characteristics of analog and digital computers. The hybrid nature of these computers results in high speed, reliability, and efficiency. Data is typically processed as electrical signals or analog signals and stored using digital components. An example of a hybrid computer is the device used in hospitals to monitor a patient's heartbeat. Hybrid computers are capable of displaying both digital and analog data simultaneously, and are commonly utilized in scientific applications.
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| Hybrid Computers |
3. Classification based on capacity
1. Microcomputers
Microcomputers, commonly referred to as personal computers, are based on microprocessors. The microprocessor, often referred to as the brain of a microcomputer, is a silicon chip that houses the essential circuits for carrying out arithmetic and logic operations. When input, output capability, and memory are added to the microprocessor, the system of a microcomputer is created. Personal digital assistants, also known as PDAs, are another type of microcomputer. These devices are extremely compact and portable, often referred to as palmtop computers.
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| Microcomputers |
2.Minicomputers:-
In comparison to other computers of that era, minicomputers were relatively smaller in size. They were commonly used by small businesses and firms and were also known as "Midrange Computers." they had limited processing and data storage capabilities compared to supercomputers and mainframes. Nonetheless, their compact design made them a convenient option for various computing tasks.
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| mini computers |
3.Mainframe Computers
A mainframe computer is an exceptionally large computing system renowned for its ability to handle complex applications. It boasts extensive storage capabilities, enabling access to vast databases through a simple terminal interface. Although mainframes may not match the sheer power of supercomputers, they remain considerably expensive. Consequently, numerous prominent organizations, including large corporations and government entities, rely on mainframes to effectively execute their business operations.
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| Mainframe computers |
4. Super Computers
When it comes to performance and data processing, supercomputers reign supreme. These specialized computers are tailored to meet the unique requirements of various tasks and are predominantly employed by large organizations. NASA, for instance, heavily relies on supercomputers to successfully launch and navigate space shuttles, as well as to conduct extensive space exploration endeavors. It is important to note that supercomputers are not only highly expensive but also occupy a considerable amount of physical space due to their substantial size.
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| Super computers |
History Of Computers
The journey of computers towards their current state has encompassed multiple stages of evolution. Starting from the early 1950s, the development of computers witnessed significant growth, which unfolded in the form of distinct computer generations. These generations denoted progress in terms of processing speed, memory capacity, input and output devices, as well as programming techniques. Each generation can be identified by the technological advancements achieved in the fundamental components of computing. But the journey of Computers started before the first generation era , Computer is developed passing through different stages before first generation They are as following:
Abacus :-
Abacus is considered to be the first computer and was invented by the Chinese about 5000 years ago. The basic purpose of the device is to make calculations. It consists a rectangular frame with a number of strings. Each string has a collection of beads. These beads are used to perform calculations.
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| abacus |
Napier's bones (1600s):-Napier's bones is a manually-operated calculating device created by John Napier of Merchiston for calculation of products and quotients of numbers.
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| Napier's bones |
Pascaline (1642):-Blaise Pascal invented the mechanical calculator called Pascaline. This calculating machine could add and subtract two numbers directly and multiply and divide by repetition
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| Pascaline |
Difference Engine:-Charles Babbage invented the first mechanical computer during the period of 1830 to 1850. This computer performed basic arithmetic functions. Babbage is known as the father of modern digital computers. the difference engine is steam-powered, fully automatic and commanded by a fixed instruction program
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| Charles Babbage |
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| Difference engine |
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Generation of Computers
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| Generation of Computers |
First Generation Computers
The computers of the first generation were characterized by their bulky nature and reliance on electronic valves known as vacuum tubes, leading to significant power usage and limited reliability.
The time period of generation may vary accordingly but it was from late 1940's to mid of 1950's ie we can say the time period of first generation is from 1946 to 1956 around, the technology used at that time is vacuum tubes. These computer are very Bulky and emits large amount of heat, their processing speed was very slow and they are difficult to program. They uses Magnetic Drums, Magnetic Tapes as memory and uses machine language & assembly language to program.
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| First Generation Computers |
Disadvantage
The initial computers faced certain challenges:
They were excessively bulky in size.
They emitted substantial heat due to the extensive use of vacuum tubes, thus requiring air conditioning.
They were prone to frequent failures, resulting in their unreliability.
They lacked the ability to be easily transported.
Second Generation Computers
With the introduction of the transistor in 1948, credited to its invention at Bell Laboratories in the United States, second-generation computers began to flourish. Transistors proved to be a significant improvement over vacuum tubes, as they boasted enhanced performance capabilities due to their smaller size, reduced power consumption, and more affordable price.
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| Transistor |
The time period of generation may vary accordingly but it was after the invention of transistor starting 1950 to mid of 1960' s ie we can say the time period of second generation is from 1951 to 1965 around, the technology used at that time is transistor. These computer are smaller as compared to first generation computers and emits less heat as compared to older one's , their processing speed was faster and they are easy to program machines. They uses Magnetic Core, Magnetic Disk as memory and uses High level language to program.
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| second generation computers |
Advantages
In comparison to first-generation computers, second-generation computers boasted a number of advantages. They were more compact, generated less heat, operated more efficiently, and were less prone to failures.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of second generation computers in relation to first generation computers included the necessity of Air Conditioning, the frequent need for maintenance, and their high cost.
Third generation computers
Instead of transistors, these computers make use of integrated circuits (ICs), This IC is a collection of thousand of transistors ,leading to enhanced speed, larger storage capacities, and reduced costs. Integrated circuits are responsible for arranging thousands of switches on circuit boards, also known as chips.
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| First IC |
Additionally, these machines utilized more adaptable programs like Multi Programming Techniques and Database Management. The time period of generation may vary accordingly we can say the time period of Third generation is from 1965 to 1975 around, the technology used at that time is IC. These computer are smaller as compared to previous generation computers and emits very less heat as compared to older one's , their processing speed was faster and they are easy to program than the older generation computers. They uses High level language to program.
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| Third generation computers |
ADVANTAGES
· The third-generation computers possessed several advantages over their second-generation counterparts. Firstly, they were significantly smaller in size, making them more compact and space-efficient. Additionally, these computers generated less heat, which contributed to improved efficiency and reduced the risk of overheating. Moreover, they were able to reduce computational time, enabling faster processing and enhanced productivity. Another advantage was the low maintenance cost associated with these computers, making them more cost-effective in the long run. Furthermore, their portability was greatly enhanced, allowing for easy transportation and flexibility in usage. Lastly, these computers were comparatively cheaper, making them more accessible to a wider range of users.
Fourth Generation Computers
With the development of microprocessor chips, specifically large scale integrated chips, by Intel Corporation in 1971, a new generation of computers emerged and gained popularity, known as the fourth generation. The fourth generation computers are notable for their improved speed and enhanced capabilities in retrieving data, as well as their advanced communication facilities. These computers can be connected to satellite communication lines, enabling the rapid transfer of information across different parts of the globe. Moreover, these machines utilized sophisticated software applications like process controllers, computer aided design, and electronic spreadsheets. The time period of generation may vary accordingly we can say the time period of fourth generation is from 1972 to 2000 around, the technology used at that time is IC. These computer are smaller as compared to previous generation computers and emits very less heat as compared to older one's , their processing speed was faster and they are easy to program than the older generation computers. The personal computer and user friendly cro-programs, very fast processor chip high level language, OOP (Object)Oriented Programming
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| Fourth generation computers |
ADVANTAGES
§ 1. The alternative option offered a more affordable price point.
2. In addition to being more cost-effective, they boasted a larger memory capacity and superior functional speed.
3. Furthermore, they exhibited lower power consumption and emitted minimal heat.
Fifth Generation Computers
These machines will use parallel processing techniques and artificial intelligence techniques. Therefore these computers will be able to think as human beings can think. These machines will be able to process non-numerical data such as pictures, graphs etc. They will use new types of integrated circuits for faster speed of operation. These machines are under development.
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| Fifth Generation Computers |
ADVANTAGES OF TODAY'S COMPUTER
1. Computers have become increasingly affordable, allowing for wider accessibility among individuals. They can now be found in various settings such as homes, schools, and offices, among others. 2. The advancements in technology have led to a remarkable improvement in software, offering a plethora of options for users. These include word processing, spreadsheets, database management, as well as games and entertainment. 3. Furthermore, computer education has expanded beyond college students and is now being offered to high school and elementary students as well. Computers are now utilized as valuable tools in teaching subjects like math and science, enhancing the learning experience.
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Storage and Memory
Overview
Primary Memory
- storage of intermediate data
- necessary to run the computer
- RAM, Cache Secondary
- long-term storage of data
- HDD Tertiary
- CD, DVD, memory card...
Off-line
- disconnected storage
- unplugged USB flash drive
- external HDD
Computer - Memory
A memory functions similarly to a human brain, serving as a storage unit for data and instructions. Computer memory is where data is processed and instructions for processing are kept. It is divided into numerous small cells for organization.
Memory is primarily of three types:
1. Cache Memory
2. Primary Memory/Main Memory
3. Secondary Memory
Cache Memory
· Cache memory, a high-speed semiconductor memory, plays a crucial role in accelerating the CPU's performance. By acting as a buffer between the CPU and main memory, it stores frequently used data and programs. The operating system facilitates the transfer of these components from the disk to the cache memory, enabling swift access by the CPU.
Primary Memory
The primary function of main memory is to hold the data and instructions that the computer is presently working on. However, due to its restricted capacity, the data stored in main memory is erased when the power supply is disconnected. Main memory is typically constructed using semiconductor devices and is not as rapid as registers. It serves as the storage location for the data and instructions that are required for processing. It is divided into two subcategories
1. RAM
2. ROM
Random Access Memory (RAM)
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| RAM |
5. The bus, which refers to the processing speed, is an important factor in the overall performance of the system.
Read Only Memory (ROM)
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| ROM |
Read Only Memory, or ROM, is a type of memory that is read-only and cannot be written on. This non-volatile memory permanently stores information during the manufacturing process. ROM contains crucial instructions necessary for booting up a computer, a process referred to as bootstrap. ROM chips are not only found in computers but also in other electronic devices like washing machines and microwave ovens.
Types of ROM
Programmable ROM (PROM)- Empty of data when the chip is manufactured, can be programmed by the user. Once programmed the data cannot be erased.
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| PROM |
Erasable PROM (EPROM)-
Like PROM only the chip can be removed from the computer and the program erased and another stored in its place using ultraviolet light.
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| EPROM |
Electrically EPROM (EEPROM) - Like EPROM but electricity is used to erase and reprogram selected contents
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| EEPROM |
Frequently Asked Question(FAQ)
What are Different type of computer ?
Computer classification is based on purpose,signal,Capacity.
What are different generation of computers ?
Computer generation are based on the development years and the technology that computer used in their development era.
Define computer memory ?
Computer memory is generally classified into primary memory & secondary memory
What is RAM ?
Ram stands for Random access memory, it is a type of primary memory & it is volatile In nature
What is ROM?
ROM Stands for Read only Memory and it is secondary memory which is nonvolatile in nature.
Conclusion
In conclusion , this blog cover the following topicsFundamental of Computer,
Type of Computer,
Type of memory,
Computer Generation,
Logic unit of Computer,
RAM,
ROM
In summary, I can say that these topics are related to Fundamental of Computer and very helpful for those who pursuing BCA,PGDCA, DCA ,'O' Level Courses from different universities
I hope this blog helps you a lot Happy learning....
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